Treatment failures often suggest a multifactorial etiology

Patient: 33 year-old female in good health (2005)

Chief Complaint: Tooth pain and swelling

Dental History: The original endodontic treatment was performed by an endodontist in 1996 (Tooth #15). The author was referred the patient when she experienced associated pain and swelling in 2005. The existing crown was reported to have been placed 6 months prior to the examination by the author in 2005.